Transient Seasonal and Chronic Poverty of Peasants: Evidence from Rwanda

نویسنده

  • Christophe Muller
چکیده

Using panel data from Rwanda, we estimate seasonal transient and chronic poverty indices, for different poverty lines, poverty indicators, equivalence scales, and with and without corrections for price variability and for the sampling scheme. We also estimate sampling standard errors for the poverty indices. The worst poverty crises occur after the dry season at the end of the year. Most of the severity of poverty comes from the seasonal transient component of annual poverty, while the seasonal component of the incidence of poverty is much smaller. Thus the actual differences in the severity of poverty, either between developing and industrial countries or between rural and urban areas in LDCs, may be much worse than is shown by the usual chronic annual poverty measures or by measures of seasonal incidence of poverty. The importance of the transient component suggests a need for an income stabilisation policy. However, the contribution of the global transient seasonal poverty is important for households clustered around the poverty line, but low for the poorest part of the chronically poor. Thus, policies fighting seasonal transient poverty are likely to concern the moderately poor rather than the very poor, as compared with policies against chronic poverty, which affect the very poor. The probability transition analysis across seasonal living standard distributions shows that mobility across quintiles is always very strong. The poverty crisis in the last season is more the result of many peasants falling into poverty than a decrease in the flow out of poverty. A ‘safety net’ policy aimed at the poor and the non-poor at this period would then be appropriate. We estimate equations of quantiles for household chronic and transient seasonal poverty. The agricultural choices of peasants are found to affect differently the two components of annual poverty that could therefore be addressed by a combination of policies specific to each component. Résumé A partir de données de panel du Rwanda, nous estimons des indices des pauvretés saisonnières et chroniques, pour différentes lignes de pauvreté, indicateurs de pauvreté, échelles d’équivalence-adulte, avec ou sans corrections pour la variabilité des prix, et pour le plan de sondage. Nous estimons également des erreurs-types de sondage pour les indices de pauvreté. Les pires crises de pauvreté surviennent après la saison sèche à la fin de l’année. La majorité de la sévérité de la pauvreté provient de la composante saisonnière de la pauvreté annuelle, alors que les mesures d’incidence conduisent à des effets bien moindres de la composamte saisonnière. Ainsi, il se peut que les véritables différences de sévérité de pauvreté entre pays en développement ou industriels ou entre zones rurales et urbaines dans les PVD, soient bien pires que ce que montrent les mesures usuelles de pauvreté chronique annuelle ou les mesures d’incidence saisonnières de pauvreté. L’importance de cette composante transitoire suggère de mettre en oeuvre une politique de stabilisation des revenus. Cependant, la contribution au montant global de pauvreté transitoire saisonnière est importante pour les ménages autour de la ligne de pauvreté mais faible pour la partie la plus pauvre des chroniquement pauvres. Ainsi, les politiques luttant seulement contre la pauvreté saisonnière transitoire sont plus susceptibles de toucher les modérément pauvres plutôt que les très pauvres, que les politiques luttant contre la pauvreté chronique. L’analyse des probabilités de transition entre les distributions saisonnières des niveaux de vie montre que la mobilité entre les quintiles est toujours très forte. La crise de pauvreté lors de la dernière saison est plus le résultat de nombreux paysans devenant pauvres que de la baisse du flux de sortie de la pauvreté à cette période. Une politique sous la forme d’un ‘filet de sécurité’ visant les pauvres et les non-pauvres á cette période serait appropriée. Nous estimons des équations de quantiles pour les pauvretés chroniques et saisonnières transitoire des ménages. Les choix agricoles des paysans se trouvent affecter différemment les deux composantes de la pauvreté annuelle qui pourrait donc être traitée par une combinaison de politiques spécifique à chaque composante.

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تاریخ انتشار 1997